Influence of operating conditions on direct nanofiltration of greywaters: Application to laundry water recycling aboard ships
Résumé
The present study completes a previous work dedicated to the feasibility to implement, on-board ship, a direct nanofiltration process in order to treat laundry greywaters and recycle 80% to the inlets of the washing machines (Guilbaud et al., 2010). At present, the study investigates the influence of nanofiltration operating conditions on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) rejection rates and permeates fluxes. Thus, the pH and temperature of greywater as well as transmembrane pressure have been fixed to 7 or 9, 25 or 40 degrees C and 35 or 40 bar, respectively. AFC80 membranes show different COD rejection rates whereas permeate fluxes are quasi similar when the same greywater (pH 7) is nanofiltered at 35 bar and 25 degrees C. Amongst all the tested operating conditions, the nanofiltration of greywater (pH 7) on AFC80 membrane, at 35 bar and 25 degrees C, allows to obtain the highest COD rejection rate (around 93% at VRF5). The best permeate flux (85.5 L/h/m(2) at VRF5) has been obtained at 40 bar and 40 degrees C. An increase of temperature or pressure above 25 degrees C and 35 bar respectively leads to a drop of COD rejection rates. The pH should be maintained at a value of 7, the initial pH of raw greywater, in order to allow a good COD rejection rate. An economic evaluation of greywater nanofiltration has been investigated. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.